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South America 2019

Before the Inka’s Machu Picchu there was Tiwanaku – part 3 – major sites

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The Akapana Pyramid. Leaving the museum and entering the site proper, we came first to the Akapana Pyramid. In some ways, this man-made hill is at the center of one of the many mysteries surrounding Tiwanaku – from its actual …

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Before the Inka’s Machu Picchu there was Tiwanaku – part 2 – Tiwanaku practices

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Suka qullu, Chuño, Chullpas, and Trepanation. Suka qullu:. The Tiwanaku developed a distinctive farming method called suka qullu. Also known as flooded raised field agriculture, it involved creating artificially raised planting mounds that were then separated by shallow water-filled channels. …

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Before the Inka’s Machu Picchu there was Tiwanaku

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And concurrent with Tiwanaku there was Moche, Huari, and Nazca. Before all of them there was Chavín. And before Chavín was the Caral-Supe. And this is an abbreviated list as these are just a few of the cultures that populated …

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Reclaiming Coca – It’s the real thing – part 3

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Coca leaves in the 21st century. Recall that soon after Evo Morales was elected as the country’s first indigenous president, Bolivia adopted a new Constitution in 2009. This is Article 384: The State shall protect native and ancestral coca as …

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Reclaiming Coca – It’s the real thing – part 2

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Sixteenth century lobbyists. The so-called coca problem was formally addressed in the Councils of Lima in 1552 and 1569. Two groups pressed for either the complete elimination or at least the limitation of coca use in the First Council of …

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